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''United States v. Manning'' was the court-martial of former United States Army Private First Class Bradley E. Manning〔Jennifer Rizzo, ("Bradley Manning charged" ), CNN, February 23, 2012.〕 (known after the trial as Chelsea Manning).〔Patrick Semansky, ("Bradley Manning wants to live as a woman: 'I am Chelsea Manning ), Toronto Star, August 22, 2013.〕 Manning was arrested in May 2010 in Iraq, where she had been stationed since October 2009, after Adrian Lamo, a computer hacker in the United States, provided information to Army Counterintelligence that Manning had acknowledged passing classified material to the whistleblower website, WikiLeaks.〔Dishneau, David. ("Ex-agent says he alerted DoD in WikiLeaks case" ), Associated Press, 4 August 2010.〕〔Denver Nicks, ("Private Manning and the Making of Wikileaks" ), ''This Land'', September 23, 2010.〕 Manning was ultimately charged with 22 specified offenses, including communicating national defense information to an unauthorized source, and the most serious of the charges, aiding the enemy.〔 Other charges included violations of the Espionage Act, stealing U.S. government property, charges under the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act and charges related to the failure to obey lawful general orders under Article 92 of the Uniform Code of Military Justice. She entered guilty pleas to 10 of 22 specified offenses in February 2013.〔("Bradley Manning enters guilty pleas in WikiLeaks case" ), CBS News, February 28, 2013.〕 The trial began on June 3, 2013.〔Julie Tate and Ellen Nakashima, ("Bradley Manning court-martial opens" ), ''The Washington Post'', June 3, 2013.〕 It went to the judge on July 26, 2013, and findings were rendered on July 30. Manning was acquitted of the most serious charge, that of aiding the enemy, for giving secrets to WikiLeaks. In addition to five or six espionage counts, she was also found guilty of five theft specifications, two computer fraud specifications and multiple military infractions. Manning had previously admitted guilt on some of the specified charges before the trial. On August 21, 2013, Manning was sentenced to 35 years' imprisonment, reduction in pay grade to E-1, forfeiture of all pay and allowances, and a dishonorable discharge. She may be eligible for parole after serving one third of the sentence, and together with credits for time served and good behavior could be released after eight years.〔Sledge, Matt. ("Bradley Manning Sentenced To 35 Years In Prison For WikiLeaks Disclosures " ), ''Huffington Post'', 21 August 2013.〕 ==Background== The material in question includes 251,287 United States diplomatic cables, over 400,000 classified army reports from the Iraq War (the Iraq War logs), and approximately 90,000 army reports from the war in Afghanistan (the Afghan War logs). WikiLeaks also received two videos. One was of the July 12, 2007 Baghdad airstrike (dubbed the "Collateral Murder" video); the second, which was never published, was of the May 2009 Granai airstrike in Afghanistan.〔Kim Zetter, ("Bradley Manning to Face All Charges in Court-Martial" ), ''Wired'', February 3, 2012.〕 Manning was charged on July 5, 2010, with violations of Articles 92 and 134 of the Uniform Code of Military Justice, which were alleged to have taken place between November 19, 2009, and May 27, 2010.〔("Attorney for WikiLeaks suspect says he's seen no evidence on documents" ), CNN, August 31, 2010. * ("Charge sheet" ), courtesy of Cryptome, accessed May 4, 2012. * ("Charge sheet" ), ''The Washington Post'', accessed April 7, 2012.〕 These were replaced on March 1, 2011, with 22 specifications, including aiding the enemy, wrongfully causing intelligence to be published on the Internet knowing that it was accessible to the enemy, theft of public property or records, and transmitting defense information. Manning was found not guilty for the most serious of the charges, aiding the enemy, for which Manning could have faced life in prison.〔("WikiLeaks: Bradley Manning faces 22 new charges" ), CBS News, March 2, 2011. * For figures from ABC, see Luis Martinez, ("22 New Charges Against Pvt. Bradley Manning, Accused WikiLeaks Source" ), ABC News, March 2, 2011. * Jim Miklaszewski and Courtney Kube, ("Manning faces new charges, possible death penalty" ), msnbc.com, March 2, 2011.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「United States v. Manning」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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